The first transistor Hi-Fi system was developed by engineers at GE and demonstrated at the University of Philadelphia in 1955. The transistor, which was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while working under William Shockley at Bell Laboratories in 1947, could also amplify, and replaced vacuum tubes. Before that, all electronic equipment used vacuum tubes, because vacuum tubes were the only electronic components that could amplify-an essential capability in all electronics. A semiconductor device works by controlling an electric current consisting of electrons or holes moving within a solid crystalline piece of semiconducting material such as silicon, while the thermionic vacuum tubes it replaced worked by controlling a current of electrons or ions in a vacuum within a sealed tube.Īlthough the first solid-state electronic device was the cat's whisker detector, a crude semiconductor diode invented around 1904, solid-state electronics started with the invention of the transistor in 1947. The term "solid-state" became popular at the beginning of the semiconductor era in the 1960s to distinguish this new technology. The term is also used as an adjective for devices in which semiconductor electronics that have no moving parts replace devices with moving parts, such as the solid-state relay in which transistor switches are used in place of a moving-arm electromechanical relay, or the solid-state drive (SSD) a type of semiconductor memory used in computers to replace hard disk drives, which store data on a rotating disk. Solid-state electronics are semiconductor electronics electronic equipment that use semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs). This is called a solid-state circuit because all of the electrical activity in the circuit occurs within solid materials. Electronics with semiconductor components An integrated circuit (IC) on a printed circuit board.
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